“Becoming Martian: How Living in Space Will Change Our Bodies and Minds” with Professor Scott Solomon

We are entering a new era of space exploration—one in which, for the first time, large numbers of people may travel beyond Earth. Some may even choose to remain there. This raises important questions: how will the extreme conditions of space affect the human body and mind? What can spacefaring individuals expect during journeys to an orbiting station, the Moon, or Mars?

Looking further ahead, what might happen to children born on another planet? Could they gradually evolve into a distinct human variant? Would adaptation occur naturally through evolution, or might advances in genetic engineering enable more rapid, intentional changes to help humans thrive in unfamiliar environments?

In Becoming Martian, Scott Solomon examines how humanity’s expansion into space could reshape both our physiology and psychology. The book explores how life beyond Earth may influence future generations, as well as the potential unintended consequences of establishing human settlements in space. In this episode of Bridging the Gaps, I speak with Professor Scott Solomon about these ideas.

Scott Solomon is a biologist, science communicator and a teaching Professor at Rice University in Houston. He is also a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. He is also the host of the podcast Wild World with Scott Solomon.

We begin our discussion with a set of timely and relevant questions surrounding humanity’s renewed interest in returning to the Moon. We explore the motivations behind this shift, considering both the rapid advancement of new technologies that make such missions feasible and the emergence of a new space race shaped by evolving geopolitical dynamics.

From there, we turn our attention to NASA’s Space Launch System and the broader Artemis program, including its planned missions and long-term objectives. This leads into a wider discussion about humanity’s future in space.

We then examine the physiological effects of space travel, particularly for missions in which humans return to Earth. Topics include the impact of prolonged exposure to microgravity on muscle mass, bone density, and other aspects of human health.

Shifting to a longer-term perspective, we consider what will happen when humans travel to destinations such as the Moon, Mars, and beyond with the intention of establishing permanent settlements. We explore how such environments may affect human biology and what it means to live outside Earth’s uniquely supportive ecosystem.

The conversation also delves into the challenges of sustaining life in environments devoid of existing biological systems. We discuss, in detail, the complexities of human reproduction in space and how future generations might develop under such conditions.

Finally, we examine both the natural adaptability of humans and the role of cutting-edge genetic research in potentially enabling us to survive—and even thrive—in entirely new environments. Overall, the discussion is deeply engaging, thought-provoking, and highly informative.

Complement this discussion with “Off-Earth: Ethical Questions and Quandaries for Living in Outer Space” with Dr Erika Nesvold and then listen to “A Traveller’s Guide to the Stars” with Physicist, Author and Nasa Technologist Les Johnson.

By |April 3rd, 2026|Biology, Future, Uncategorized|
Read More

Building a Thriving Future: Navigating the Metaverse and Multiverse with Dr Paola Cecchi-Dimeglio

The metaverse is no longer a distant concept. It is unfolding now, driven by advances in artificial intelligence, big data, and immersive digital technologies. As it reshapes how we work, interact, and create value, it presents significant opportunities alongside growing competitive pressures. In the book “Building a Thriving Future: Navigating the Metaverse and Multiverse” Harvard researcher and AI strategist Dr. Paola Cecchi-Dimeglio provides the first strategy-focused guide designed for business leaders, policymakers, and decision-makers navigating this transformation. The book emphasizes that the metaverse is not simply about virtual environments. It represents a broader transformation of business, governance, and global markets. Organizations that combine AI, behavioral insights, and digital strategy will be the ones that define the future. In this episode of Bridging the Gaps I speak with Dr. Paola Cecchi-Dimeglio.

Dr Paola Cecchi-Dimeglio is an expert on AI and Big Data, Behavioral Science and Future of work. She holds dual appointments at Harvard Law School and the Kennedy School of Government, where she chairs the Executive Leadership Research Initiative for Women and Minority Attorneys (ELRIWMA). She is also a vice chair for the Global Initiative on Virtual Worlds and AI and leads Sustainability for AI, Big Data, and Metaverse regulation at the UN’s International Telecommunication Union. She is the CEO of People Culture Data Consulting Group.

We begin by acknowledging that virtual worlds are not a new concept. What is new, however, is the rapid advancement of hardware, big data, and AI, which is making the metaverse far more powerful and practical. We then examine why the metaverse should be understood as a critical development for business and organizational strategy. It is not just a technological trend, but a structural shift in how value is created and managed. We also explore how technologies such as blockchain can strengthen digital ownership and enable more secure, efficient trading within virtual environments. An important point we address is that, when developing business solutions for virtual worlds, organizations must give careful attention to diversity, inclusion, and equal access. Overall, the conversation offers a clear and insightful look at the strategic implications of the metaverse.

Complement this discussion with “From Pessimism to Promise: Lessons from the Global South on Designing Inclusive Tech” with Professor Payal Arora and then listen to “The Line: AI and the Future of Personhood” with Professor James Boyle.

By |February 17th, 2026|Computer Science, Future, Technology|
Read More

“The Network of Life: A New View of Evolution” with Professor David Mindell

The Network of Life: A New View of Evolution on Bridging the Gaps

For a long time, the prevailing perspective on evolution has been that it follows a vertical pathway, where genetic information is passed down from one generation to the next in a linear fashion, resembling a “tree of life.” This classical view suggests that species evolve through a process of divergence from common ancestors, resulting in a branching tree structure that traces the lineage of life over time. In his new book “The Network of Life” Professor David Mindell emphasises the need to update this understanding, and explains that evolution functions more like a distributed, decentralised network. In this framework, there are possibilities for horizontal evolution, where genetic material is shared across species in a more fluid and interconnected manner. The book looks at the forces behind horizontal evolution, such as interbreeding, genetic recombination, merging of species, horizontal gene transfer, and coevolution. The network view of evolution leads to a new symbiotic theory of health. It suggests that the future well-being of humans, other species, and our environment relies on how life evolves and adapts within this interconnected web. In this episode of Bridging the Gaps I speak with Professor David Mindell.

Professor David Mindel is a senior researcher of Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a former professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Michigan, director of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and Dean of Science at the California Academy of Sciences.

We begin our discussion by revisiting the traditional concept of vertical evolution, where life is represented as a branching tree. This model shows how species evolve through a series of splits, tracing their lineage back to common ancestors. We explore how this classical framework explains the development of species over time and then shift to discussing two core ideas in evolutionary theory: natural selection and genetic mutation. For much of history, evolution has been viewed primarily through the lens of vertical inheritance, which emphasises the transmission of traits from parent to offspring.

One reason for this focus on vertical evolution is that early evolutionary studies, including Darwin’s, were centred around natural selection, with limited knowledge about genetic mutations. At that time, the role of genetic mutations was not well understood. Today, we know they are essential drivers of evolution. We examine how this early gap in understanding may have shaped the preference for the vertical model of evolution and consider whether it limited perspectives on how species adapt over time.

Next, we delve into the concept of horizontal evolution, which presents a shift from the traditional view. In “The Network of Life”, Professor David Mindell explores evidence suggesting that horizontal evolution—where genes are shared across species—has been happening since life began on Earth. To set the stage, I ask him to outline what we currently know about the origins of life. We also discuss the intriguing role of viruses, which can transfer genetic material between species and influence evolutionary paths.

We then dive into the key discoveries that support and solidify the concept of horizontal evolution. Processes such as hybridization, species merging, and horizontal gene transfer provide strong evidence for this interconnected view of life. Mindell highlights the contributions of prominent scientists and pivotal studies that have reshaped our understanding of evolution.

If we update the current evolutionary framework to include horizontal evolution, what new questions might this approach help us answer? We discuss the significance of adopting this broader perspective and how it could refine our understanding of life’s history.

Finally, we explore the exciting possibilities that arise from this new understanding. By embracing the network view of evolution, we can enhance research on synthetic life, support assisted evolution to help species adapt to climate change, and revolutionise our approaches to biotechnology, medicine, and environmental sustainability. This has been an insightful and enriching conversation, shedding light on the profound impact of horizontal evolution on our world.

Complement this discussion with “Zero to Birth: How the Human Brain Is Built” with Professor William Harris and then listen to “The Exquisite Machine: The New Science of the Heart” with Professor Sian Harding

By |October 19th, 2024|Biology, Future, History, Knowledge, Podcasts, Research|
Read More